读书研究与参考文献著录
Reading, research and referencing
阅读是学习、教学、研究的源头和基石。笔记、卡片是原始产出。
Learning, teaching and study come from reading. Reading notes and cards are original products.
写论文以研究工作为基础，研究工作开始于文献研究。研究者选定自己的研究主题之后，需要从领域内的基本权威书籍、刊物中选择自己阅读文献的范围。权威性归于作者和刊物在研究领域内的地位。同时还要考虑时间性，也就是太早的文献会因为离当前发展情况过远而失去阅读价值。
The writing of a research paper is based on doing research work and doing research work starts with studying literature or library research. After deciding the topic of his or her research, a scholar needs to determine the range of the literature that he or she needs to read among the fundamental and authoritative books, journals and other periodicals in his or her area. The authority of a reference comes from the status that an author or a journal enjoys in the research field. And time is another factor that needs to be considered. As a reference written in too early times might lose its value for reading because it becomes outdated and detached from current developments.
阅读文献的这个思路是以读书的基本方法为依据。读书可以出于兴趣、学习、研究三种不同的目的。但无论哪种总是会根据自己的意图了解现有文献中自己能够找到的来阅读。这种有意识的选择是提高阅读效率的重要步骤。
The idea of reading reference in study comes from the basic method of reading any book. A person may read for three different purposes of interest, learning and study. But any of the three will form a specific intent and drive him or her to select and read some of the literature available at present. Such conscious selection is an important step to raise the efficiency of reading.
按照研究主题选择出来的文献，研究者有时候会在专著的参考文献中全部列出来，方便其他研究者来查找。研究者阅读过的或者推荐读者进一步阅读的信息资源都可以列在参考文献列表里。当然，因为研究过程中，会有进一步选择，所以研究者并不一定全部都读完，而且也不一定都在写作时引用。中国的国家标准里是区分为阅读型参考文献和引文参考文献的。
The references selected for research topic will sometimes be all listed by the researcher in the bibliography in his or her treatise or monograph to convenience other researchers when they select their references. All such information resource that a researcher has read or recommends his or her readers to look up for further reading can be listed in reference list or bibliography. Of course, a researcher will further select from these references in his or her study, so not all of them will be finished in reading. And not all the references that he or she has read might be cited in his or her work. In Chinese national standard about referencing, these selected references are divided into reading references and cited references.
计算机出现以前，只有纸质的印刷文献。研究者利用图书馆进行文献阅读时，查文献利用图书卡片。读文献时使用读书卡片，摘录文献当中的重要观点，同时把参考文献的信息列举出来，然后加上自己的分析理解，作为批注。这也就是所说的批判性阅读。这样的卡片是研究过程的中间产品，汇集在一起，可以作为几篇论文的写作基础资料，写文章时会很方便。
Before computer was invented, there was only printed literature. When a scholar makes uses of the literature in a library, he or she looks up literature with the help of library cards. When he or she reads literature and writes on a notecard to take down important ideas in a reference. At the same time, he or she also lists the information about the reference. He or she may also add his or her own analysis and understanding as notes. This is the so-called critical reading. Such cards are intermediate products in research. They can be used as the materials for writing several papers when gathered together. It is convenient to use them when a scholar writes a paper or a monograph.
中国的读书传统可以用“寻章摘句”这句成语来概括。也就是把文献中的相关句子和注解汇集在一起，归纳分类，成为集注一类的书甚至重新把佚失的一本书从其他书里集出来。本质上，这样的工作是对文本的修订和重建。
The reading practices in traditional Chinese learning can be summarized as an idiom Xun Zhang Zhai Ju (寻章摘句) meaning “looking up chapters and taking out sentences”. This means to gather together related sentences and their annotations in different references and then summarize and classify them to form a type of book known as a variorum, a book of collected notes. Sometimes, scholars even reconstruct a lost book with sentences from other books. In essence, such work means to revise and rebuild a text.
在现代的研究中，读书卡片，当然还有读书笔记，都是记录对文献的理解、记忆、解释、分析工作。这些工作是对读书传统的延续和发展。阅读权威文献得到的读书卡片和读书笔记，除了用于研究，可以产生用于教学的教案和教材。
In modern academic research, notecards and, of course more formally, reading notes, are all records on understanding, memorizing, interpreting and analyzing literature. All such work forms a continuation and development of ancient learning traditions. In addition to academic study, notecards and reading notes produced when reading authoritative literature can also be used to compose teaching materials and textbooks for classroom teaching.
从根源上说，这样的工作习惯产生于阅读者对阅读目的的自觉。也就是，除了出于兴趣，获得阅读体验的愉悦感之外；还产生了对于知识的记忆需求和对于观点的批判需求。这时，阅读者就会摘录词句、查对其他文献、写出批注，表达自己的看法。
In origin, such learning practice comes from the consciousness of a reader on his or her purpose of reading. Namely, in addition to interest or the pleasure in reading experience, a person has the demand to memorize knowledge and to criticize on ideas in a book. At the moment, a reader would take out expressions and sentences, look up other references, write comments and express his or her own ideas.
现代研究者除了把纸质出版物作为文献，还可能把绘画、照片、地图、唱片、磁带、广播电视节目、展览、现场演出等等其他类型的出版物和创作工作作为文献资料的一部分。在计算机出现之前，所有这些不同的形式和载体都可以用来保存信息资源；当时信息数字化还没有开始，它们是知识的主流载体。这些形式现在也仍然在使用，需要从不同的途径来获取，也就会影响研究过程中参考文献的使用和著录。
In addition to printed publications, modern researchers may also use as literature drawings, photographs, maps, records, tape cassettes, radio and television programs, exhibition, live performances and also other types of publications and creative work. All these media and forms for storing information resources appeared before the emerge of computer and became mainstream carrier of knowledge until information digitization started. These media and forms are still in use at present. As they need to be accessed through different channels, the use and list of references are influenced in the process of study.
在各种各样的纸质出版物当中，最常用的是书籍、期刊、报纸、学位论文、课程教案、笔记。书籍、期刊、报纸是图书馆最大最多的三类的收藏品，可以分为非学术类和学术类两种。学术类的信息资源本身就是学术研究的成果，同时也是研究时需要阅读和分析的材料。
Among all kinds of printed publications, the most commonly used are books, periodicals, newspapers, dissertations, teaching materials and notes. Books, periodicals, newspapers are the three types of collections of the largest numbers in library. These can be non-academic or academic. All these information resources of academic nature are themselves fruits in academic research. At the same time, they are the materials that need to be read and analyzed in study.
此外，还有国际国内法律、政府官方出版物、法律报告、公司年报、档案资料、国际国家标准、国际组织、社会组织报告、剧本、采访稿、新闻稿、宗教文本、字词典条目、展览册。这些文本本身不一定具有学术性，但也会作为研究材料在研究过程中使用。
Besides, international and domestic laws, official publications of governments, legal reports, annual reports of corporates, archives, international and national standards, reports of international and social organizations, plays, interviews, news releases, religious texts, entries in dictionaries and exhibition materials, all these texts might not be of any academic nature. But they are used as materials in academic research.
所有这些文献资料的信息，写成参考文献条目时，都有各种细微差别，从而能明确区分出不同的文献类型，方便查找。
When the information about all these referential materials is written into entries in a reference list, various tiny differences are recorded so that people can specifically identify different types of literature and look them up with convenience.
文献标注系统的核心就是单个文献条目的基本结构。除了作者、标题、出版商三个主要部分之外，还需要明确上面所说的各种细节，这样才能在类似的文献版本中确定作者使用的是哪一种版本。同时，因为排版样式需要统一，还需要明确各种信息的排列顺序和各自的位置，各种标点符号的用法。这样就可以保证清晰一致的参考文献条目格式。
The kernel of a referencing system is the basic structure of a single entry of reference. In addition to the three primary parts about author, title and publisher, various details as mentioned above needs to be specified. In this way, people can determine which version that the researcher has used among similar editions of a reference. At the same time, as a uniform style in layout needs to be used for all entries in a reference list for printing, the order of lining up various information and the location of each piece of them needs to be specified. Moreover, the use of various punctuations needs to be defined. In this way, a clear and consistent format and style can be created for all the entries in a reference list.
